These posts on dirt (Part 1, Intermission) as part of the Growing Organically series are intended to highlight healthy soil vs. unhealthy soil as well as the devastation conventional agriculture has wrought on the world’s farmable land - and, in turn, our food security. How does this relate to cotton? If you remember from a previous post, more of the cotton plant is consumed as a food product than is used for creating cloth. Moreover, the overlay used to describe conventional farming for food is essentially the same as what we would use to describe conventional farming for cotton; likewise for organically grown food and organically grown cotton. And at the foundation of all of this is dirt. I'll be moving from here to a little bit more about organic methods of soil fertility then to seeds.
I will try to maintain these posts as long as possible, but they're already taking far too much time to compile and write. Exactly what I was afraid of. I need to keep my eye on the prize - and I don't have enough time to manage Daisy Janie as it is. sigh.
That is some mighty fine dirt! This picture above was taken in our garden a couple weeks ago. We composted diligently all winter and were rewarded with rich, dark, moist, delicious soil. In that single shovelful, there were 3 big, wriggly earthworms - an indicator that our dirt is teeming with life. As it should be!
Did you know?
- A single teaspoon of productive topsoil may contain 600-800 million individual bacteria from a possible 10,000 species; several miles of fungal hyphae; 10,000 individual protozoa; and 20-30 beneficial nematodes from a possible 100 species.
- In contrast, a teaspoon of chemically treated soil can host as few as 100 bacteria.
- When our ancestors settled in the US, the topsoil layer was between 3-12 feet deep, depending on location.
- Today, we have between 8-12 inches - not feet - INCHES!
- We are losing 6.4 billion tons of topsoil per year in the US. About 320 million dump trucks worth of dirt per year.
- In the past 150 years, we've lost 1/3 of the planet's topsoil.
- At today's rate of erosion and desertification, we are losing 1" of topsoil every 28 years.
- It takes more than a century to create 1" of fertile topsoil.
The rate of degradation and loss of arable land is bad. Very bad. And it makes me more than a little crazy when I think about it too long. As a species, we are working hard to fail and dooming future generations in the process. I am not being dramatic; soil is THEE critical issue. Big Agra will steamroll us into oblivion either because we can't grow food to feed the planet or because we die from cancers their toxic chemical-laden soils have caused or because we lose our fertility altogether also as a result of the same bioaccumulative chemicals (it's already happening to amphibians). Pick one. Meanwhile, their pockets will be filled with money - our money - and for what, for who? It truly makes no sense whatsover. I digress...
By 2050, there will be 9 billion people on the planet. The world will have to produce more food to feed this population than it has in the previous 10,000 years combined. "Soil nutrient depletion, erosion, desertification, depletion of freshwater reserves, loss of tropical forest and biodiversity are clear indicators that much of the natural resource base already in use worldwide shows worrying signs of degradation. Unless immediate investments in maintenance and rehabilitation are stepped up and land use practices made more sustainable, the productive potential of land, water and genetic resources may continue to decline at alarming rates."
So what's happened to the soil?
In the simplest terms, the topsoil is eroding from water and wind due to modern, unsustainable, factory-farming methods: over-over-overtilling, lack of cover crops, lack of real organic matter & nutrients returned to soil, monocropping, and millions of tons of toxic chemical inputs. All of which has created dead-as-a-doornail, dusty dirt (desertification). In fact, the very act of tilling this loose dust with massive machines has effectively added another source of erosion. If a soil is moist, fertile, rich & robust, it can’t blow away; it can’t be washed away, and if a row is plowed, it stays where it’s turned over. This video showing the differences in tilled and no-tilled soil is pretty cool!
Remember the pot of dirt I shared a few weeks ago? Same principles at play that make that pot unable to sustain life. I could add some organic matter (grass clippings, dried leaves, worms, worm castings, etc), and my dead dirt would return to a quality, fertile soil that would stimulate micro-organisms for a longer period of time. This soil would find its own balance in terms of humus and mineral content. Or, I could skip a natural solution by adding bag of synthetic fertilizer to my dead dirt. My short-term results would be great, but the soil would not be enhanced or balanced, and it wouldn't foster the growth of micro-organisms for future healthy soil. I'd just have to keep adding more poison to the dirt to force it do something it should be able to do on its own. Again, this makes no sense to me, but it's exactly how millions of tons of food and cotton crops are grown. It's how corporations have duped us into believing this is the only way to get crop yields big enough to feed our growing population. An absolute untruth! Check Rodale Institute's 30-year Farming Systems Trial. Big Agra farming methods leach every possible good thing from the soil, and then they have to add artificial, toxic, petroleum-based chemical inputs to make things grow.
From Organic Manifesto by Maria Rodale:
"We are dealing with 10 global issues at the moment: food security, availability of water, climate change, waste disposal, extinction of biodiversity, soil degradation and desertification, poverty, political and ethnic instability, and rapid population increase.
The solution to all of these lies in soil management."
- Rattan Lal, soil scientist, director of Ohio State University Carbon Management and Sequestration Center, 2009
I think it's hard for most people to wrap their brains around the idea that the amount of arable topsoil to which we have access on earth is finite, or that how we're treating it can dramatically affect so many other things (air, water, climate, fossil fuels). Or that we - meaning me and you - should have to change what we're doing to make a difference. On the whole, we are a very immediate gratification / loss averse society: we are more concerned with hanging onto what we have than getting something far more valuable later. But if each of us takes steps to change what we can right here, right now, it will be better for our kids and their kids. (What We Will Tell Them?) Let's be part of the solution, not part of the problem.
- Grow your own food. Don't use fertilizers, pesticides and such.
- Write to your state Senator or House Rep. Demand to know. Demand change.
- READ. Be informed. Don't assume your government or a big corporation has your best interests at heart. They don't.
- Buy local, buy organic when possible.
- Join a CSA.
"Organic agriculture sustains the fertility of soils, ecosystems and the health of the people. It also relies on locally adapted improved ecological processes and cycles, and natural biodiversity. It is therefore important that farmers are encouraged to practice organic farming."
More info:
Differences in Tilled and No Till Soils / video
The lowdown on topsoil: It's disappearing
Issues: Soil / The Sustainable Table
The Complexity Imperative for a Sustainable Food System / Ted video
The Nation that Destroys Its Soils / Pasture to Profit








